The Industrial Revolution was the shift from agrarian handcraft to machine-powered factory production, beginning in Britain and spreading worldwide. It reorganized work, rewired trade, and altered cities, politics, and the environment. Understanding what changed — technology, energy, labor — and […]
Marginal cost (MC) is the extra cost of producing one more unit of output. It’s the workhorse of production decisions: firms expand output until marginal cost equals marginal revenue, and they pause or shrink if the next unit would cost
EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) is a widely used performance metric that strips out financing costs, tax effects, and non-cash charges to show a company’s pre-capital-structure operating earnings. It’s common in valuation (EV/EBITDA), covenants (debt/EBITDA), and deal
Social media are online platforms and apps where people and organizations create profiles, post content, and interact in real time. They power connection, news discovery, customer service, and advertising — often from the same screen. Knowing what social media is
Economics studies how people and institutions produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. It connects everyday choices — what to buy, where to work, how to invest — with national outcomes like growth and inflation. Understanding the basic branches, the
“Entrepreneur” can mean many things in everyday speech, but in economics and policy it has a precise sense: a person who creates or expands economic activity by spotting opportunities and organizing resources to deliver new products, processes, or markets. The
Earnings per share (EPS) shows the portion of profit attributable to each common share. Investors track two numbers: basic EPS, which uses only current common shares, and diluted EPS, which assumes potential shares (options, warrants, convertibles) also exist. Public companies
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is the single, smoothed annual rate that takes you from a beginning value to an ending value over a multi-year span. Think of it as the geometric average return that “turns the crank” once per
A fiscal quarter (Q1–Q4) is any three-month block in a company’s fiscal year. Some organizations use the calendar year (Jan–Dec), but many pick a different year-end to match seasonality or regulatory cycles. Quarters matter because public companies report results and
Net income is the “bottom line” that tells you whether a company created profit after covering all expenses and taxes. It sits at the end of the income statement and flows into key ratios, earnings per share (EPS), and retained
Prices move, quantities respond — but by how much? Price elasticity of demand tells you the sensitivity: the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Elasticity helps businesses choose prices, forecast revenue, and anticipate how
